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Mi piace: Mi piace Caricamento Nadef in pdf. Dl Ristori, Inps proroga la scadenza della richiesta… Autocertificazione Covid novembre il pdf…. Does sustainable investing really help the environment? Tuttavia, puoi visitare "Impostazioni cookie" per fornire un consenso controllato. Cookie Settings Accept All. Manage consent. Vocabulary will reduce your IELTS writing score if: you use words in the wrong meaning; you confuse the form of a word for example, instead of an adjective, use a noun, etc.
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Hi there. You hear some awful stories! Make sure you can describe the main features in English. The grading A rubric is a set of criteria or Some students misread Instructions on an exam rubric for term guidelines which tells how an the exam rubric and paper or in a textbook as papers has been assignment will be graded or didn't answer enough to how a task must be done.
She refers to the undergraduate Louis. I attended undergraduate experience, graduated from experience. In both Washington whether it is at a two-year university in American and British. A specific these examples. Her brother School is often used to I went to school in Refers to primary or went to school mean university.
A common London, then went to I secondary education; school at Harvard. School of English and Journalism. My advisor2 suggested Dr Fry and Dr Roe. I have a lot of studying to do. I have my comps3 in two weeks. Let's meet in Harley Commons 4 at 7. It was tough being a freshman6 because I wasn't used to such difficult finals7, but life got a. It was easy enough as a junior9, but then it got tough again when I was a senior 10 As a graduate studentl l, I get to attend seminars with some of the top people in my field.
The fraternity! BA, BS who is enrolled in a master's degree programme, equivalent of postgraduate student in the UK 12 a social organisation for male students 13 a social organisation for female students.
Who is more likely to be speaking — a British person or an American? Explain what kind of student each term refers to. If false, explain why they are incorrect. Across 1 Sometimes used to refer to college or university in the US 2 A short test of material that has been taught 3 Test to assess whether a student knows subject material required for a graduate degree 4 A social organisation for female students 5 A fourth-year student in the US Down 6 A second-year student 7 A general word meaning academic staff in the US 7.
A Course descriptions Look at this extract from a UK university's web pages. American websites may use different terms. Duration: One year full-time or two years part-time. The course is a credit2 course, consisting of credits of core3 and elective4 modules5 plus a credit dissertation module. Core modules are obligatory. Candidates not wishing to proceed to the MA may opt fors the Diploma credits without dissertation. Topics include grammar, vocabulary, language in society, literature in English for a full list, see the list of modules.
Elective modules are assessed through essays, projects and portfoliosl l. The word limit forthe dissertation is 12, to 15, words. Candidates must achieve a pass grade in all four core modules 20 credits each , plus 40 credits in elective modules minimum of 30 credits in the English department plus 10 optional credits from modules offered by other departments , and, for MA, must pass the dissertation module 60 credits. Reza: Can we defer the dissertation I if we can't stay here during the summer?
Dr Ward: Yes, you can defer for a year, but don't forget, if you do go home, you won't be 2 able to have face-to-face supervisions. Simon: Are the in-sessiona13 language courses compulsory?
Most of you did the pre-sessional, which is the most important. But there are good in-sessional courses you can sign up for, especially the EAP4 writing course. Angela: we get the MA, can we go on to do a PhD immediately? Dr Ward: Not automatically. You have to show you can do PhD standard work first anyway, and then upgrades to the PhD programme after a year or so. When addressing someone with a PhD, always use their family name, e.
Excuse me, Dr Lopez. Only medical doctors can be addressed simply as Doctor, without using their family name. What is the maximum number of words allowed in 9 a dissertation? Diploma dissertation in-sessional MA module PhD project sign. How are things going with you? I'm sorry not to have written to you sooner but I've been desperately busy with the linguistics 1 I have to do for the elective.
It's really interesting and I think I might decide to do my final 3 on a similar topic. At first I was only planning to do the 4 but now I've decided to have a go at an 5 I might even. PhD students are usually. Compare your own course, or one you hope to do, with the course described in A in terms of duration, modules and assessment. A Time management West Preston University has a web-based self-assessment questionnaire on time management.
Time management: Rate your ability to organise your time. B Study habits and problems studying Here are some students' comments about study habits and problems associated with studying. I need to improve my reading speed. I find revision before exams really difficult. I can only revise for about two hours at a time. My mind starts to wander2. I do need. I try to brainstorm the topic and draw mind maps7 before I write a first draft8 of an essay.
Short-term loan is. Fortunately, I've been able to take it out of the library on 6 Students who are working part-time as well as studying have to be particularly good at. If so, what do you start thinking about? Which types? Say in your own words what each expression in bold means. University Library: Notice to all undergraduates Undergraduates are reminded that all books on loan must be returned by noon on June 30th, Overdue items will incur a fine of 50 cents per day.
Failure to clear fines and overdue books may result in loss of borrowing rights. Additional regulations apply to inter-library loans see the University Library web pages. University Librarian. Ask some of your fellow students about their study habits using the questions from the questionnaire on the opposite page. What makes studying online different from face-to-face study is that it uses the internet as the primary means of communication.
Learning is often organised through a virtual learning environment VLE I. This provides discussion areas and links to readings and other resources as well as letting students submit assignments2 electronically and take quizzes online. Online courses are often collaborative with students posting messages 4 for each other to read and working together to construct knowledge5.
As a result students in virtua16 classrooms develop a sense of being part of an online community and feel much less isolated than they might 8 in traditional distance courses7. The teacher's role is to set appropriate tasks, to moderate discussions and to provide feedback9. Teachers may also conduct online tutorials I software that allows staff and students to interact or Blackboard 2 hand in e.
WebCT essays or other work making a contribution to an online involve students working together 4. B Key terms term meaning word combinations. C Netiquette [rules for effective online communication] Reread your message before hitting send. Use an appropriate subject header. In a mailing list 'lurk before you leap', i. Don't flame other posters. Could you do well as an online student? Read the profile of a virtual student at www. Note any useful vocabulary there.
My online course is brilliant. We use Moodle which is VLE software —that means 1. You get to know the other students well even though the web's our only. I really feel I'm part of an online 3. It's also great as you don't have to go to the library — all the readings and other [4 are online and there are 5 to them in Moodle —just click and you've got them.
We work in groups — the teacher sets various collaborative 6 and then provides on our work. We have to take a 8 everg week but it's just a set. At the end of the course we have to 9 a big assignment. Anyway, it's really fun. Change the verb form where necessary. What was it like? Use an online search engine such Google or Yahoo! Note any interesting vocabulary in. Click relating to online study that you find on that site. A Referring to source materials Look at these extracts where the writers are talking about their sources.
Although these writers occasionally use 'I', many academic departments advise against doing this in writing if possible. This paper begins with a review of the literature onl patient communication. The medical literature suggests that patients with serious illnesses tend to communicate poorly, especially if.
This essay draws its data from the most important primary source2 of information on manufacturing in Nigeria: the Central Bank of Nigeria. I shall make reference3 to this source throughout this essay. Several recent secondary sources4 were also consulted. I For this project, I consulted the county archives in an attempt to explain why there were so many deaths in and These proved a valuable resource. I also surveyed the literature on6 agricultural production during the s.
However, I only directly cite7 those works which are particularly relevant in the present study. An extensive body of literature8 exists on the effects of wildfires9. Wildfires have burned across the western United States for centuries, but their effects are not fully known or documented The present study draws primarily on the work of Gordon As noted12 in a recent report, Australia has been at the forefront of developments in.
This success is often attributed t Australia's geographical position, but the factors catalogued14 in the report reveal a more complex picture. B More ways of referring to sources Beeching's seminall work laid the foundations for the field of functional analysis. This work changed the way we look at how economies function. Elsewhere4, Keynes claimed to be developing classical economic theory.
I also consulted original government papers. Do not fill in the shaded boxes. Underline words and phrases which mean: 1 Expressing the same message in different words 2 Things known by everyone 3 Stating that one has obtained one's information from that source 4 Direct repetition of what someone has written or said 5 Stating that you have benefited from someone's work. How can students avoid plagiarism?
To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit by acknowledging your source whenever you use: another person's idea, opinion, or theory; any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings — any pieces of information — that are not common knowledge; quotations of another person's actual spoken or written words; or a paraphrase of another person's spoken or written words.
A Countable or uncountable nouns Fact is noun and evidence is uncountable — you can refer to one piece of evidence a countable or to the body of evidence [large amount of evidence]. Some people consider data as a plural noun — these data show an unexpected trend — while others consider it as uncountable — this data differs from last year's. The tendency is increasingly to use data as an uncountable noun but you will see both forms and may use it whichever way you prefer yourself.
B Words often used with facts, evidence and data Researchers try to establish the facts. They hope that the facts will bear outl or support their hypothesis.
Most carefully check their facts before presenting them to others although there are, of course, dishonest people prepared to distort2 the facts in order to claim that their facts are interesting, relevant3, undeniable or little-known. Notice how fact is also often used in sentences like the following: It is hard to account for the fact that4 share prices rose over this period.
The problem stems from the fact that5 there is a basic conflict of interests. The lecturer drew attention to the fact that6 the economy was starting to improve. Researchers may look examine and consider evidence. The evidence they collect for, collect, may If the evidence is growing or widespread it may serve point to or suggest a conclusion. In writing up their research they aim to provide or offer sufficient evidence to support their theories.
They are happy if the evidence they find is convincing or powerful and are less happy if the evidence is flimsy or conflicting8. They are pleased if new evidence comes to light9 or emerges and if they find abundant10 evidence. They may talk about finding hard evidence. You analyse data. Data indicates something. C Giving examples You often need to give or provide an example to illustrate the facts you're presenting.
A good example can be described as striking, clear, vivid, illuminating or telling. Sometimes, particularly in written English, the word instance is used as an alternative to example. There isa striking instance of the author's use of metaphor in the final poem. We shall now analyse one specific instance of this problem. Say can be used in informal English instead of for example.
Try and finish writing the report by, say, next Friday. See Reference 4. I Fill the gaps in this extract from a university seminar on forest conservation.
Some students are questioning aspects of a presentation given by Sandra, one of the group. The first letter of each missing word is given to help you. Aidan: I enjoyed your presentation, and you've e some interesting facts about the loss of forests year on year, and it's u that tropical forests are in danger.
But I think the evidence you o for your claim that sustainable forest exploitation is failing is very f and not very c. We need to c a lot more data. Right now there's a lot of c evidence, so we can't say for certain that it's not working. Sandra: Ifyou want h evidence, just look at the International Tropical Timber Organisation, and read their latest report. Their evidence d that only three per cent of tropical forests are being managed properly.
Petra: Well, I've read the I Tro and actually it d report, attention to the fact that their previous report had found only one per cent of forests were properly managed, so you may be d the facts a little by just looking at one year. And also, there's a lot of -k I work being done with local people to encourage them to conserve the forests, so you could say there's evidence that things are getting better. Hmm, I don't think we're going to agree on this.
I think, as usual, it's a question of how you i the data. Thanks, anyway, for your presentation, Sandra. Vary them by substituting the words in bold for words or expressions with similar meanings. Which is it? Look at any text from your discipline and see what words are used with facts, data and evidence. Are they the same as the ones in this unit? Note any different ones. If the order in which they occur is significant then they may be called a sequence of numbers.
The highest number in a group is the maximum and the lowest is the minimum. The room holds a maximum of SO and we won't run the class without a minimum of 12 students. An approximate number is one which is roughly correct but is not the precise or exact number. Look at the figures and work out in your head what the approximate answer is. Then use a calculator to find the exact number.
The average mark achieved in the exam is calculated by taking the aggregate of all the marks and dividing by the number of exam entries. A discrete number or unit is something which is separate and cannot be divided into smaller numbers or units of the same discrete is continuous.
A bag of apples, thing. The opposite of for example, could be considered as consisting of discrete items whereas apple sauce could be considered — by mathematicians, at least — as continuous.
A number or quantity is one that does not change. In the experiment we varied constant amount of water in the beaker but kept the amount of salt added constant. B Working with numbers The word figure is often used to refer to the symbol used for a number.
Write the total number in words and figures. Numbers ,. My figures don't seem to tally with yours. You can also deduct [take away, subtract] one number from another number. I make a rough guess at 2 make a fraction, e. Values and variables are also useful terms when working with numbers. Values are individual numbers The graph shows the temperature values for different months of the in a set of data.
Variables are characteristics that can take on different values for different members of a group or set being studied. In investigating living standards you must take key variables such as social provision and cost of living into account.
The incidence of something refers to how frequently it occurs. The incidence of twins in the population growing. When talking about numbers, magnitude simply refers to the size of is. Write down the numbers in order of magnitude, beginning with the smallest. When making calculations in, say, an exam, it is often a good make an estimate first idea to of what the answer is likely to be.
Then you will see if your finalanswer is in the right area or not. Exam candidates are also often advised to show their workings6 so that the marker can see how they arrived at their answer and they may get credit for their method even if the final answer is incorrect.
Complete the conversation. You are sometimes given the first letter to help you. Dr syal: You could c the total number of private cars that use the tunnel each week, based on the day-to-day figures, and get an a figure for how much carbon they're all emitting.
Melissa: How p would that figure have to be? Dr Syal: Oh, it doesn't have to be exact, you just need to e more or less what the total pollution will be. Then you can check to see if those figures t with the figures that have already been published for similar tunnels. And the figure won't be c of course; it'll go up and down depending on lots of factors such as weather conditions, average speed, etc. Melissa: But can we say if the figures will be true for the future too? Dr Syal: Well, we do know that the traffic growth has been c over the past ten years; it hasn't ever gone down, so I think you can make some useful predictions.
Melissa: Should I present each daily total as a d item or can I just put them all. Dr Syal: A weekly total is fine, and you can it up or to the nearest Melissa: Right, 0K.
Thanks so much for your help. In the exam, don't forget to show all your 1 as we want to see how you. Make your 3 very carefully — you'd be amazed at how many people submit answers that are hardly even in the right 4 And.
Good luck! Find some examples of the use of numbers in your own subject area. Note down some interesting phrases or sentences. A Basic statistical terms Notice the key vocabulary in these three short texts about statistics. Six children are 7, 8, 8, 8, 11 and 12 years old. Their average age is 9 years old the sum of their ages divided bysix. The mode the most frequent. Statisticians are often concerned with working out correlations the extent to which, say, left-handedness A normal distribution of data means that correlates with intelligence.
They must ensure that any most of the examples in a set of data are close data they collect is valid, i. Normally appropriately and accurately assessed as left- or right-handed, distributed data shown on a chart will typically for example. The figures must also be reliable, i. It will often be necessary be consistent 6 if the measurements were repeated.
I differ 2 the average average difference from the norm connections, often as cause and effect 5 the subjects of the experiment or group representing the total population measured 6 the same noticea bly. B A probability! Sue picks a card at random2 from an ordinary pack of 52 cards. If the card is a king, she stops. If not, she continues to pick cards at random, without replacing them, until either.
The random variable3, C, is the total number of cards picked. Construct a diagram to illustrate the possible outcomes4 of the experiment, and use it to calculate the probability distributions of C. Answer: one third In the same class what is the female to male rati02? Answer: The figures show a trend3 towards healthier eating habits. The study investigates the increase in the volume of traffic on the roads. The was The score was 19 and the score was Life insurance companies base their calculations on the laws of , that is.
The premiums are therefore not chosen at but are carefully calculated. The of ages at which death occurs and causes of death are studied to see if they with other factors to be taken into account in setting the premiums. Naturally, the companies also monitor social and react to any changes which might affect mortality rates.
What is the ratio of males to females? And what proportion of the class is male? Are the scores normally distributed? What is the shape of 15 the graph called?
What kinds of statistical data are likely to be 5 discussed your discipline? Find a relevant in chart, graph or table and write about it using 40—49 some terms from this unit.
They are often also called 10 figures. In an academic article they are usually labelled Fig. Figure 1, Fig. A key or legend shows what each segment represents. A bar chart is diagram in which different a amounts are represented by thin vertical or horizontal bars which have the same width but vary in height or length.
A histogram is a kind of bar chart but the bar width also varies to indicate different values. A table is a grid with columns and rows of numbers. A cross-section of the earth's crust, for example, shows the different. A flowchart is a diagram which indicates the stages of a process. B A graph d 30 Weekly pocket money 25 The graph presents data relating to teenagers and pocket 20 received by teenagers money.
A random sample of 1, teenagers were u 15 in the UK. The x axis or horizontal axis indicates age and the y axis or vertical 13 14 15 16 17 18 The graph shows that year-olds receive twice as much pocket money as year-olds. From the graph we can see that the amount received reaches a peak at the age of 18 and then starts to decline. This decline can perhaps be explained by the fact that many teenagers start earning and stop receiving pocket money at the age of Graphs are drawn by plotting points on them and then drawing a line to join adjacent points.
If there aretwo lines on a graph — separate lines, for example, to indicate boys' and girls' pocket money — then the lines would probably cross or intersect at various points. Graphs show how numbers increase or decrease.
The nouns increase and decrease have the stress on the first syllable, but the verbs have the stress on the second syllable. Nnmbcrs can also be said to rise or grow and fall, drop or decline. The nouns rise, growth, fall, drop and decline, like increase and decrease are followed by in to explain what is rising or of to explain the size of the change , e.
Other verbs used about growth include doublel, soar multiply3, appreciate4 and exceeds. Note that graph is a noun and graphic [relating to drawing: vivid, especially when describing something unpleasant] is usually an adjective. The economics textbook contains a lot of fascinating graphs. My nephew studied graphic design. The book contains some very graphic descriptions of the massacre. Graphics can be used as a plural noun to refer to pictorial material, e.
The graphics in that computer game ore brilliant. I Look at the chart. Complete the commentary with words from the opposite page. Cars entering downtown West City The chart the number of cars entering the downtown area , number of West City each day over an eight-year period years The totals of cars , are listed on the axis give two answers , while the years per day are listed on the axis give two answers.
To the right of , the graph we see the. The number of cars , over the period. The total rose in the first few years and , in year 5, after which the numbers started to. This can be by the that a new mass transit , railway was opened in year 6, which is a illustration of how.
The number of cases of death by poisoning has increased sharply. This means its value has fallen by more than half after just thrce years. Other bird populations have gone up by two times in the same period.
Instead, students will be able to defer payments by taking out a student loan, which they will. Grants are payable in three instalments , one at the start of each term. Bank accounts: Student bank accounts are similar to normal current accounts but theg also have. Student loans: Student loans are available to help you meet your living costs white studying. The loans are fixed at a low interest rate. After your entitlement10 has been assessed the information will be passed to the Student Loans Company who will make any payments and maintain your account.
Managing debt: Since student grants were abolished in , most students struggle to make ends meetl l. Student debt has soared 12 and many can now expect to accumulate13 debts of over E 10, Cost of living: London is the most expensive place to study in the UK. Although students in London receive bigger loans to compensate for the increased costs, there is no variation in the amount of financial support available for students in other more expensive areas.
I do you meet the requirements money to be paid back parts amount that can available for students to get e. Amounts spent in excess of a Grant 4 allocation, even if documented with origina12 receipts cannot be reimbursed ,. Transportation by the most economical means available , lodging excluding food , registration fees , and expenses related to presenting a paper photocopying, etc.
Few students get to help them study and so many while they are at university. This is because they have to pay They also cannot avoid on everyday life. This is particularly hard for students in London where is higher than elsewhere in the country. Students living in London are allowed to have bigger loans to help for this. Students do not need to start to their loan until they are a reasonable salary. But starting working life with a large makes it much harder for young people to even once they start earning.
MEET 4 Increasing numbers of students leave college owing a lot of money. INCOME 7 It is possible to pay back your loan later but you may well end up paying more than you would have done if you had repaid it sooner. Why not? Find a website relating to financial arrangements for students at a university you know or are interested in. VVhich of the words and expressions from this unit do you see there?
An annual conference IS one that happens every year. A quarterly journal is one that comes out four times a year. An era is a particular period of time that is marked by special events or developments, e. A phase is any stage in a series of events or process of development.
A phase or stage can be initial [beginning], intermediate [middle] or final. It may also be described as preceding [happening before now], current [happening now], critical [particularly important] or transitional [in the process of change]. In recent times — particularly the last 20 years — society has gone through a period of considerable change. Prior to the s very few people had access to a home coniputer. Nowadaysl the majority of homes have at least one computer.
This expansion in home computing has coincided with2 the emergence3 of internet technology. At the moment we are at a stage where the situation is still evolving4. Subsequent generations will live in a very different world although we do not know exactly how things will develop over the next few years, in the near future5, or, least of all, in the distant future6.
Some time words, e. But nowadays is only an adverb. Complete the time expressions. You are given the first letters. From that date until completion of the papers and books with the works, the West Car Park will be closed. A expected date of publication. These are needed car park will be available during the for the University's a report for This is Likely to continue during Centre for Medical Research was officially opened.
This will reach a c We look forward to the start of ten-year period.
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